Trade between Malaysia and China has flourished for decades, with both countries benefiting from a dynamic and growing economic relationship. As two of the largest economies in Asia, Malaysia and China have built strong trade ties based on mutual interests in various sectors, including manufacturing, technology, agriculture, and infrastructure development.
China is Malaysia's largest trading partner, and Malaysia is one of China's key trading partners within Southeast Asia. The trade volume between the two nations has witnessed steady growth, particularly over the past two decades, driven by China's industrial boom and Malaysia's role as a gateway for trade into the ASEAN region. In 2023, Malaysia's trade with China amounted to over USD 100 billion, covering a wide array of goods such as electronics, machinery, chemicals, and palm oil.
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), a massive infrastructure development and investment program spearheaded by China, has played a pivotal role in strengthening the economic ties between the two countries. Malaysia has actively participated in BRI projects, which has facilitated the development of key infrastructure such as ports, highways, and railways, thereby enhancing trade efficiency and connectivity.
Additionally, Malaysia’s strategic location in Southeast Asia makes it an attractive partner for China’s regional expansion. With the trade routes between China and Malaysia becoming more streamlined, businesses in both nations are increasingly leveraging digital platforms and e-commerce for more efficient cross-border transactions.
As of December 2024, Malaysia-China trade continues to evolve, with the growing demand for goods such as electric vehicles, renewable energy products, and high-tech components, signaling a shift towards more diversified and sustainable trade between these two nations.
Over the past five months, the shipping landscape between China and Malaysia has seen fluctuations influenced by various factors such as global demand, fuel prices, and transportation logistics. Air freight, known for its speed, continues to be a preferred option for businesses needing quick deliveries. However, air freight prices remain higher compared to sea freight, which, though slower, offers more cost-effective options for bulk shipments. Both air and sea freight have faced challenges, such as port congestion and limited air cargo capacity, which have contributed to increased shipping times and rising costs.
July: USD 1,200
August: USD 1,350
September: USD 1,500
October: USD 1,700
November: USD 1,800
Explanation: The price of 20-foot and 40-foot containers by sea has gradually increased over the last five months, largely due to rising fuel costs and port congestion. Container rates are typically more volatile compared to other freight options and can fluctuate based on seasonal demand.
July: USD 4.50/kg
August: USD 4.70/kg
September: USD 4.80/kg
October: USD 5.00/kg
November: USD 5.10/kg
Explanation: The cost of air freight per kilogram has risen over the past five months. This increase is due to factors such as increased demand for air cargo, limited air transport capacity, and global supply chain challenges affecting air cargo routes.
Air: 3 Days
Sea: 15 Days
Air: 3 Days
Sea: 16 Days
Air: 3 Days
Explanation: Shipping times by air have remained consistent throughout the months, typically taking around 3 days from China to Malaysia. Sea freight, on the other hand, has seen a slight increase in shipping times due to higher demand and congestion, averaging around 15-16 days.
The delivery time for shipping between China and Malaysia can vary significantly depending on whether air or sea freight is used. Air freight continues to be the fastest method, typically taking 3-5 days, but it comes at a higher cost. Sea freight takes longer, with average shipping times of 15-16 days, but it is a much more economical choice for bulk goods.
Customs clearance procedures have become more stringent over the past five months. Importers need to ensure that they comply with Malaysia's import regulations, including product certifications, permits, and taxes. Delays in customs clearance are more common for items that require additional paperwork, such as electronics or specialized machinery, which can add to the overall delivery time.
The shipping industry has seen fluctuating trends in both air and sea freight. Rising fuel prices, port congestion, and supply chain issues have led to higher costs for both shipping methods. Companies are advised to plan ahead and consider long-term contracts to lock in rates, as short-term shipping may be subject to price hikes. Additionally, shipping demand has shifted, with e-commerce fueling greater air freight volumes.
Global events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic aftermath and geopolitical tensions, have affected shipping flows to Malaysia. Port congestion, labor shortages, and supply chain disruptions have created delays, particularly in sea freight. Businesses should also be aware of fluctuating fuel prices, which directly impact freight rates. Moreover, global economic shifts and trade policies between China and other nations can influence the shipping dynamics between the two countries.
Shipping from China to Malaysia can involve a variety of transit times and costs depending on the chosen method, shipment size, and other factors such as seasonal demand, fuel prices, and port congestion. The primary shipping methods include air freight, sea freight (full container load or less than container load), and express shipping. Each of these methods offers distinct advantages, and understanding their differences can help businesses make the right choice for their specific needs.
Transit Time:
Air freight is the fastest shipping method, with a transit time of 3 to 5 days. This method is typically chosen for high-value or time-sensitive shipments, such as electronics, medical supplies, or small parcels. Sea freight, on the other hand, is more affordable but slower, with a transit time ranging from 10 to 20 days, depending on whether it is a Full Container Load (FCL) or Less than Container Load (LCL). For shipments that are urgent but not as sensitive, express shipping services can take about 5 to 7 days, offering a balance between cost and speed.
Cost:
Shipping costs vary based on several factors, including the mode of transport, the volume of goods being shipped, and the shipping company’s pricing structure. Air freight is the most expensive option, often priced by weight or volume, but it offers unmatched speed. Sea freight, both for LCL and FCL, is much more cost-effective per unit but is slower, with FCL being cheaper on a per-unit basis. Express services, which offer door-to-door delivery, provide faster shipping than traditional sea freight at a premium price.
Understanding these transit times and costs is critical for companies seeking to optimize their logistics and supply chains from China to Malaysia.
| Shipping Method | Unit Cost | Estimated Transit Time |
|---|---|---|
| LCL (Less than Container Load) | USD 50-70 per CBM | 10-15 days |
| 20-foot FCL (Full Container Load) | USD 1,200-1,500 per container | 12-18 days |
| 40-foot FCL (Full Container Load) | USD 2,000-2,500 per container | 12-18 days |
| Express Shipping | USD 20-30 per kg | 5-7 days |
| Air Freight | USD 4-7 per kg | 3-5 days |
Explanation:
The costs for each shipping method differ based on the shipment size, with LCL being ideal for smaller shipments, while FCL is the most cost-effective option for larger cargo. Air freight and express shipping are faster but come at a significantly higher price. The transit time also varies, with air freight offering the quickest service and LCL/ FCL taking longer due to sea freight routes and port handling.
| Cost Component | Estimated Cost |
|---|---|
| Air Freight Cost | USD 4-7 per kg |
| Fuel Surcharge | USD 200-300 per container |
| Customs Duties | 5-10% of the total shipment value |
| Port Handling Fees | USD 100-150 per container |
| Insurance | 1-2% of the total shipment value |
Explanation:
The cost components for shipping from China to Malaysia include air freight cost, which is the base cost for transporting goods via air. The fuel surcharge is applied due to fluctuating fuel prices and affects both air and sea freight. Customs duties are assessed based on the value of goods and the type of product being imported. Port handling fees cover charges related to loading, unloading, and storage at the port. Finally, insurance is an optional but recommended cost that covers damage or loss during transit.
When importing goods from China to Malaysia, businesses must navigate the Malaysian Customs regulations and adhere to the country's import duties and taxes. Malaysia's customs policies are designed to facilitate trade while ensuring compliance with local regulations, and these policies are largely governed by the Royal Malaysian Customs Department (RMCD). Import duties on goods from China can vary based on the type of product being imported, its value, and its classification in the Harmonized System (HS) code. Generally, Malaysia applies a Sales and Service Tax (SST) on imported goods, which is set at a rate of 5% or 10%, depending on the type of goods. Some specific categories, such as food and essential goods, may benefit from exemptions or reduced rates. Additionally, customs duties are assessed at varying rates, typically ranging from 0% to 30%, but certain products such as electronics, machinery, and chemicals may face lower duties. Import tariffs can be affected by trade agreements between China and Malaysia, including the ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA), which has led to preferential tariff reductions on certain goods. Importers must also consider other charges such as customs processing fees, port handling fees, and excise duties for specific goods like tobacco and alcohol. Accurate documentation and proper HS code classification are essential to ensure smooth customs clearance and avoid delays or fines.
| Category | Rate/Amount | Details |
|---|---|---|
| Sales and Service Tax (SST) | 5%-10% | Applies to most imports, based on the goods type (5% for basic items, 10% for others) |
| Import Duty | 0%-30% | Based on the product type, with electronics and machinery often having lower duties |
| Excise Duty | Varies (e.g., 30%-50% for alcohol) | Applicable for goods such as tobacco and alcoholic beverages |
| Customs Processing Fees | USD 10-50 per shipment | Fees related to customs clearance and processing |
| Port Handling Fees | USD 100-150 per container | Charges for unloading, storage, and handling at ports |
| Other Charges | Varies | Additional fees may apply depending on the nature of the goods (e.g., inspection fees) |
Shipping from China to Malaysia offers a variety of methods, each with unique advantages tailored to specific needs. These methods include door-to-door shipping, express shipping, air freight, and sea freight. The best shipping method for a business or individual depends on factors like shipment size, urgency, and budget.
Door-to-door shipping is ideal for those seeking convenience, as it handles the entire logistics process, from pickup at the supplier in China to delivery at the destination in Malaysia. Express shipping provides fast, reliable service for urgent deliveries, using well-known courier companies like DHL, FedEx, and UPS. For larger shipments, air freight is a fast and efficient method, though it is more expensive. Lastly, sea freight offers the most economical solution for bulk shipments, with options like LCL (Less than Container Load) and FCL (Full Container Load) available for different shipment sizes.
Advantages of Door to Door Shipping: Door-to-door shipping from China to Malaysia offers a fully integrated service, where the logistics provider handles the entire process, including collection from the supplier in China, customs clearance, transportation, and final delivery to the recipient's door in Malaysia. The key advantages of this service are its convenience, time-saving, and simplicity. It eliminates the need for the importer to manage multiple stages of the shipping process, such as arranging transportation, customs clearance, and last-mile delivery. Additionally, it is a reliable option for businesses and individuals who lack the infrastructure or experience to handle international shipping themselves.
Main Considerations for Choosing Door-to-Door Service: When selecting door-to-door shipping, several considerations must be made:
| Shipping Method | Shipping Time | Cost per Kg |
|---|---|---|
| By Air (Door-to-Door) | 3-5 days | USD 4-7 |
| By Sea (Door-to-Door) | 12-18 days | USD 1-2 |
Explanation:
The table above shows the estimated shipping times and costs per kilogram for door-to-door shipping via air and sea. Air freight is quicker, but significantly more expensive compared to sea freight, which is more affordable but takes much longer.
Express Shipping Situation: Express shipping is an excellent option for businesses and individuals who need fast and reliable delivery of smaller parcels. Major international courier companies such as DHL, FedEx, UPS, and TNT offer express shipping services from China to Malaysia. These companies provide fast transit times, tracking, and door-to-door delivery, making them ideal for urgent shipments such as documents, e-commerce products, and electronics. However, express shipping can be significantly more expensive than other methods due to the speed and premium services provided.
In the context of express shipping from China to Malaysia, DHL often leads the market due to its global reach and reputation for speed. FedEx and UPS also offer competitive services, with FedEx excelling in large freight and heavy packages. TNT offers good options for European and regional shipments but is also available for China-Malaysia deliveries.
| Courier | Shipping Time | Cost per Kg |
|---|---|---|
| DHL | 3-5 days | USD 10-20 |
| FedEx | 3-5 days | USD 9-18 |
| UPS | 4-6 days | USD 8-15 |
| TNT | 4-6 days | USD 7-14 |
Explanation:
The table provides an overview of express shipping services from China to Malaysia. DHL and FedEx are the fastest and most expensive, while TNT and UPS offer more affordable rates but with slightly longer transit times.
Air Freight Situation: Air freight is the fastest mode of transportation for large or high-value shipments from China to Malaysia. Ideal for time-sensitive goods such as electronics, medical supplies, or luxury items, air freight guarantees faster delivery than sea freight, typically taking 3 to 5 days for transit. However, the trade-off for speed is a significantly higher cost per kilogram. Air freight is often the best choice for businesses that need to maintain tight timelines and can justify the added cost.
Additionally, air freight has a higher degree of reliability and security compared to sea freight. It is often used by businesses that require door-to-door services or rely on just-in-time inventory systems. The primary challenge with air freight is the cost, especially for heavier or bulkier shipments.
| Shipping Method | Shipping Time | Cost per Kg |
|---|---|---|
| Air Freight | 3-5 days | USD 4-7 |
Explanation:
The table above illustrates that air freight from China to Malaysia is very fast, taking approximately 3-5 days, but the cost per kilogram can be high due to the premium service.
Sea Freight Situation: Sea freight remains the most economical shipping method for large and bulk shipments from China to Malaysia. This option is most suitable for non-urgent goods that can withstand longer transit times. It is the preferred choice for businesses importing large volumes of products, such as machinery, raw materials, and consumer goods. Sea freight is typically more affordable than air freight, but it takes much longer to reach Malaysia, ranging from 10 to 20 days depending on the shipment method (LCL or FCL).
LCL (Less than Container Load) allows businesses to share space in a container with other shipments, making it a more affordable option for smaller shipments. FCL (Full Container Load), on the other hand, is ideal for large shipments that require an entire container. With FCL, businesses pay for the entire container, but the cost per unit is usually lower when compared to LCL.
| Shipping Method | Shipping Time | Cost per Kg / Cost per Container |
|---|---|---|
| LCL | 10-15 days | USD 1.5-2 per kg |
| FCL 20-foot | 12-18 days | USD 1,200-1,500 per container |
| FCL 40-foot | 12-18 days | USD 2,000-2,500 per container |
Explanation:
The table above shows the shipping times and costs for sea freight from China to Malaysia. LCL is a cost-effective option for smaller shipments, while FCL is ideal for larger shipments, with 20-foot and 40-foot containers offering scalable solutions depending on the volume of goods.
When shipping goods from China to Malaysia, major air and sea ports play a pivotal role in ensuring the timely and efficient movement of goods. Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport is one of the busiest air cargo hubs in China, offering advanced infrastructure and excellent connectivity to Malaysia. Other key airports like Shanghai Pudong and Beijing Capital are also commonly used for air shipments. In terms of sea freight, Shenzhen Ports (including Shekou and Yantian) and Shanghai Port are some of the busiest container ports in China, offering extensive services to Malaysia. Major Malaysian ports include Port Klang, Penang Port, and Port of Tanjung Pelepas.
| Airport | Port Code | Advantages |
|---|---|---|
| Shenzhen Bao'an Airport | SZX | Located in southern China, well connected to Southeast Asia, offering fast transit times. |
| Shanghai Pudong Airport | PVG | Major international hub with high air cargo capacity and direct routes to Kuala Lumpur. |
| Beijing Capital Airport | PEK | Major cargo hub in northern China with global connections and strong infrastructure. |
| Guangzhou Baiyun Airport | CAN | Strong logistics network, serving as a gateway for southern China’s exports to Malaysia. |
Advantages:
Shenzhen Bao'an Airport is known for its proximity to Hong Kong and rapid shipping capacity. Shanghai and Beijing airports offer extensive international services, and Guangzhou has efficient connections to southern Chinese manufacturing regions.
| Port | Port Code | Advantages |
|---|---|---|
| Shenzhen Port | CNSHZ | High container throughput, strategic location near Hong Kong, ideal for fast sea shipments. |
| Shanghai Port | CNSHG | One of the world’s largest container ports, well connected globally, efficient and fast. |
| Guangzhou Port | CNGZ | Strong regional hub with good shipping links to Southeast Asia, including Malaysia. |
| Hong Kong Port | CNHKG | Major international transshipment hub, known for its efficiency and comprehensive maritime services. |
| Port Klang | MYPKL | Malaysia’s largest port, handling high cargo volumes, well connected to major Chinese ports. |
| Port of Tanjung Pelepas | MYPTP | Known for its high efficiency and modern facilities, serving major shipping lines with quick turnarounds. |
Advantages:
Shenzhen Port offers fast processing times and is very close to Hong Kong, making it a popular choice. Shanghai Port is the largest and one of the most efficient in the world. Guangzhou offers reliable service for southern China, while Hong Kong's port is a major international transshipment hub. Malaysian ports such as Port Klang and Port of Tanjung Pelepas provide excellent infrastructure and connectivity to global shipping lines.
Shipping goods from China to Malaysia can seem complex, but by following a step-by-step process, businesses and individuals can ensure that their goods arrive efficiently and on time. The process involves selecting the right shipping method, managing documentation, choosing a reliable freight forwarding partner, and complying with customs regulations. Here’s a simple guide to help you through the steps:
The first step in shipping from China to Malaysia is to determine the best shipping method for your goods. There are three primary options: air freight, sea freight, and express shipping.
Once you've selected your shipping method, you need to prepare your goods for transport. This involves:
A reliable freight forwarder is key to managing the logistics of international shipping. 218 Freight specializes in providing end-to-end freight forwarding services from China to Malaysia. Their team of experts handles everything from booking cargo space to ensuring customs clearance and final delivery.
With 218 Freight, you can expect:
Customs clearance is one of the most critical steps in international shipping. It requires accurate documentation, including:
218 Freight assists with all the paperwork to ensure smooth customs clearance, helping you avoid delays and unexpected charges.
Once your goods are shipped, you’ll need to track their progress. Whether via air or sea freight, 218 Freight offers tracking services that keep you updated on your shipment’s status in real time.
After customs clearance in Malaysia, your shipment will be delivered to the final destination. Whether it’s door-to-door or port-to-port, 218 Freight provides the flexibility to meet your needs.
218 Freight is a trusted freight forwarding service that simplifies the shipping process from China to Malaysia. With competitive pricing, fast shipping times, and reliable customer support, 218 Freight offers a hassle-free experience from start to finish. Whether you're shipping small packages via air freight or large containers by sea, 218 Freight ensures your goods reach Malaysia safely, on time, and at the best possible cost.
Contact 218 Freight today to learn how we can optimize your shipping process!
When purchasing goods from Alibaba and shipping them from China to Malaysia, working with a reliable third-party logistics (3PL) company can significantly streamline the process. A 3PL company provides comprehensive logistics services, from warehousing and inventory management to shipping and customs clearance. By leveraging the expertise of a 3PL provider, you can simplify the complexities of international shipping, ensure timely deliveries, and reduce overall shipping costs.
One of the key advantages of using a 3PL company for shipping your Alibaba goods is end-to-end logistics management. A 3PL company will handle everything, from picking up the goods at your Alibaba supplier’s warehouse in China to delivering them to your doorstep in Malaysia. Whether you're importing small packages or large bulk shipments, a 3PL partner can customize solutions based on your needs. This saves you the time and effort of coordinating multiple shipping and customs processes.
Customs clearance is another area where 3PL companies provide valuable assistance. They have in-depth knowledge of both Chinese and Malaysian customs regulations, ensuring that your goods pass through customs without delays. This includes managing all necessary documentation, like invoices, packing lists, and customs declarations, to ensure a smooth clearance process.
Moreover, 3PL companies often have established relationships with major shipping carriers, allowing them to offer competitive shipping rates for air, sea, or express freight. This is especially valuable for small and medium-sized businesses that want to save on shipping costs while still ensuring fast and reliable delivery.
In summary, partnering with a 3PL company to ship your Alibaba goods from China to Malaysia can simplify the entire process, save you money, and ensure your goods are delivered safely and on time. Whether you are a first-time importer or a seasoned business owner, a 3PL service can help you scale your operations with ease.
When importing goods from China to Malaysia, businesses often have a number of questions about the process. Here are the top 10 most frequently asked questions, along with detailed answers to help guide you through the complexities of international trade.
1. What are the customs duties and taxes for importing goods from China to Malaysia?
In Malaysia, imports are subject to Sales and Service Tax (SST), which is typically 5% or 10% depending on the nature of the goods. Some essential goods, such as food or medicines, may benefit from exemptions or lower rates. In addition to SST, customs duties may be applied based on the classification of the product in the Harmonized System (HS) code. Customs duties typically range from 0% to 30%. Goods that fall under the ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) may also qualify for reduced duties due to preferential treatment. It’s important to ensure that you have accurate documentation for customs clearance to avoid delays.
2. How do I choose the best shipping method for importing goods from China to Malaysia?
Choosing the best shipping method depends on factors such as the urgency of delivery, the size of the shipment, and your budget. Air freight is the fastest but also the most expensive, suitable for small, high-value items or urgent shipments. Sea freight is more affordable and ideal for bulk shipments but takes longer (typically 10-20 days). For smaller, urgent shipments, express shipping (via DHL, FedEx, or UPS) is another viable option, offering fast transit times (3-7 days) but at a premium cost. It’s essential to balance cost and urgency when making this decision.
3. What are the common challenges faced when importing goods from China to Malaysia?
Some common challenges include customs delays, especially if the documentation is incomplete or incorrect. High shipping costs, particularly for air freight or express services, can also be a significant issue for businesses. Language barriers can complicate communication with Chinese suppliers or freight forwarders. Import restrictions on certain items, such as electronics, food, and chemicals, require special attention to ensure compliance with Malaysian regulations. Additionally, businesses may face payment risks when dealing with new or unfamiliar suppliers. Using secure payment methods and working with reliable freight forwarders can mitigate some of these challenges.
4. How can I ensure smooth customs clearance when importing from China to Malaysia?
To ensure smooth customs clearance, first, ensure all documents are accurate and complete, including the commercial invoice, bill of lading, and packing list. Additionally, the goods should be correctly classified under the Harmonized System (HS) codes to avoid delays or incorrect duty assessments. It's advisable to work with a customs broker or freight forwarder who understands Malaysian customs regulations. Be aware of any import restrictions or licenses required for certain goods, such as food, chemicals, or electronics. Pre-arranging the payment of duties and taxes before shipping also helps expedite clearance.
5. How long does it take to ship goods from China to Malaysia?
Shipping times vary depending on the method chosen. Air freight typically takes 3-5 days, making it the fastest option for small and urgent shipments. Sea freight usually takes 10-20 days, depending on the route and whether the shipment is a Full Container Load (FCL) or Less than Container Load (LCL). Express shipping through couriers like DHL, FedEx, or UPS can take 3-7 days, offering a good balance of speed and cost for smaller shipments. Shipping times may be affected by port congestion, weather conditions, or customs processing.
6. Do I need a license to import goods from China to Malaysia?
In most cases, no special license is required to import goods from China to Malaysia. However, certain categories of goods may be subject to additional licensing or certification. For example, food products, pharmaceuticals, and electronics may require specific approvals, certifications, or permits. Goods that fall under Malaysia’s controlled or restricted goods list (such as chemicals, firearms, or drugs) require an import license. It's important to check the Malaysian Customs Department website or consult a customs broker to ensure your goods comply with regulatory requirements and avoid delays or penalties.
7. What are the main ports in China and Malaysia for shipping goods?
In China, the Shenzhen Ports (including Yantian and Shekou), Shanghai Port, and Guangzhou Port are among the busiest and most efficient for container shipments. These ports offer excellent connectivity to major ports in Malaysia. In Malaysia, Port Klang is the largest and busiest, handling the majority of container traffic. Penang Port and Port of Tanjung Pelepas (PTP) are also key ports with excellent facilities and connectivity to major international shipping lanes. Choosing the right port depends on factors such as proximity to your supplier or your warehouse location.
8. How do I find reliable suppliers on Alibaba?
To find reliable suppliers on Alibaba, start by reviewing supplier ratings and customer reviews. Focus on Gold Suppliers, which have a verified track record of reliable service. Look for suppliers who offer Trade Assurance, which ensures payment protection if goods are not shipped as agreed. You can also request samples to assess the quality of products before placing large orders. It’s important to negotiate terms clearly, especially regarding pricing, lead times, and payment methods. Lastly, consider using an inspection service in China to check the quality of goods before they are shipped.
9. What payment methods should I use when importing goods from China?
When importing goods from China, it’s essential to choose secure payment methods to mitigate risks. The most common methods are T/T (Telegraphic Transfer), L/C (Letter of Credit), and PayPal. T/T is the most widely used method, where you pay a deposit upfront and the balance before shipment. L/C offers more protection for larger transactions, as it’s a formal agreement between the buyer and seller facilitated by a bank. PayPal is more commonly used for smaller transactions, offering buyer protection. Always avoid paying the full amount upfront and work with trusted suppliers.
10. Can I ship perishable goods from China to Malaysia?
Yes, it is possible to ship perishable goods from China to Malaysia, but it requires special handling and temperature-controlled shipping methods. These goods typically require refrigerated containers (reefer containers) or cold chain logistics to ensure they stay fresh during transit. Air freight is often preferred for perishable goods due to its faster transit time, although it can be more expensive. Additionally, the customs clearance process for perishable goods may involve extra documentation and certifications. Always confirm that your supplier and freight forwarder are experienced in handling and shipping perishable goods to avoid spoilage or delays.
